What is an Operating System?
An Operating System (OS) is software that acts as an interface between computer hardware components and the user. Every computer system must have at least one operating system to run other programs. Applications like Browsers, MS Office, Notepad Games, etc., need some environment to run and perform their tasks.
The OS helps you to communicate with the computer without knowing how to speak the computer’s language. It is not possible for the user to use any computer or mobile device without having an operating system.
History Of OS
- Operating systems were first developed in the late 1950s to manage tape storage
- The General Motors Research Lab implemented the first OS in the early 1950s for their IBM 701
- In the mid-1960s, operating systems started to use disks
- In the late 1960s, the first version of the Unix OS was developed
- The first OS built by Microsoft was DOS. It was built in 1981 by purchasing the 86-DOS software from a Seattle company
- The present-day popular OS Windows first came to existence in 1985 when a GUI was created and paired with MS-DOS.
Examples of Operating Systems with Market Share
Following are the Operating System examples with the latest Market Share
| OS Name | Share |
|---|---|
| Windows | 40.34 |
| Android | 37.95 |
| iOS | 15.44 |
| Mac OS | 4.34 |
| Linux | 0.95 |
| Chrome OS | 0.14 |
| Windows Phone OS | 0.06 |
Types of Operating System (OS)
Following are the popular types of OS (Operating System):
- Batch Operating System
- Multitasking/Time-Sharing OS
- Multiprocessing OS
- Real-Time OS
- Distributed OS
- Network OS
- Mobile OS
Batch Operating System
Some computer processes are very lengthy and time-consuming. To speed the same process, a job with a similar type of needs is batched together and run as a group.
The user of a batch operating system never directly interacts with the computer. In this type of OS, every user prepares his or her job on an offline device like a punch card and submits it to the computer operator.
Multi-Tasking/Time-sharing Operating systems
The time-sharing OS enables people located at a different terminal(shell) to use a single computer system at the same time. The processor time (CPU) shared among multiple users is termed time-sharing.
Real-time OS
A real-time operating system’s time interval to process and respond to inputs is very small. Examples: Military Software Systems and Space Software Systems are the Real-time OS examples.
Distributed Operating System
Distributed systems use many processors located in different machines to provide very fast computation to its users.
Network Operating System
Network OS runs on a server. It provides the capability to serve to manage data, users, groups, security, application, and other networking functions.
Mobile OS
Mobile OS are those OS which is especially that are designed to power smartphones, tablets, and wearables devices.
Some most famous mobile operating systems are Android and iOS, but others include BlackBerry, Web, and watchOS.
Functions of Operating System
Some typical operating system functions may include managing memory, files, processes, I/O system & devices, security, etc.
Below are the main functions of the Operating System:
In an operating system software performs each of the functions:
- Process management: Process management helps OS to create and delete processes. It also provides mechanisms for synchronization and communication among processes.
- Memory management: The memory management module performs the task of allocation and de-allocation of memory space to programs in need of these resources.
- File management: It manages all the file-related activities such as organization storage, retrieval, naming, sharing, and protection of files.
- Device Management: Device management keeps track of all devices. This module also responsible for this task is known as the I/O controller. It also performs the task of allocation and de-allocation of the devices.
- I/O System Management: One of the main objects of any OS is to hide the peculiarities of that hardware device from the user.
- Secondary-Storage Management: Systems have several levels of storage which include primary storage, secondary storage, and cache storage. Instructions and data must be stored in primary storage or cache so that a running program can reference them.
- Security: The security module protects the data and information of a computer system against malware threats and authorized access.
- Command interpretation: This module is interpreting commands given by the acting system resources to process those commands.
- Networking: A distributed system is a group of processors that do not share a memory, hardware devices, or a clock. The processors communicate with one another through the network.
- Job accounting: Keeping track of time & resource used by various job and users.
- Communication management: Coordination and assignment of compilers, interpreters, and other software resources of the various users of the computer systems.
Features of Operating System (OS)
Here are a list of important features of OS:
- Protected and supervisor mode
- Allows disk access and file systems Device drivers Networking Security
- Program Execution
- Memory management Virtual Memory Multitasking
- Handling I/O operations
- Manipulation of the file system
- Error Detection and handling
- Resource allocation
- Information and Resource Protection
Advantages of Operating System
- Allows you to hide details of hardware by creating an abstraction
- Easy to use with a GUI
- Offers an environment in which a user may execute programs/applications
- The operating system must make sure that the computer system is convenient to use
- OS acts as an intermediary among applications and the hardware components
- It provides the computer system resources with easy to use the format
- Acts as an intermediator between all hardware and software of the system
Disadvantages of Operating System
- If any issue occurs in OS, you may lose all the contents which have been stored in your system
- OS software is quite expensive for small size organizations which adds a burden on them. Example Windows
- It is never entirely secure as a threat can occur at any time
What is Kernel in OS?
The kernel is the central component of a computer OS. The only job performed by the kernel is to manage the communication between the software and the hardware. A Kernel is at the nucleus of a computer. It makes the communication between the hardware and software possible. While the Kernel is the innermost part of an operating system, a shell is the outermost one.
Features of Kernel
- Low-level scheduling of processes
- Inter-process communication
- Process synchronization
- Context switching
Types of Kernel
There are many types of kernels that exists, but among them, the two most popular kernels are:
1. Monolithic
A monolithic kernel is a single code or block of the program. It provides all the required services offered by the operating system. It is a simplistic design which creates a distinct communication layer between the hardware and software.
2. Microkernels
Microkernel manages all system resources. In this type of kernel, services are implemented in different address spaces. The user services are stored in user address space, and kernel services are stored under kernel address space. So, it helps to reduce the size of both the kernel and operating system.
Difference between Firmware and OS
Below are the Key Differences between Firmware and Operating systems:
| Firmware | OS |
|---|---|
| Define Firmware: Firmware is one kind of programming that is embedded on a chip in the device which controls that specific device. | Define Operating System: OS provides functionality over and above that which is provided by the firmware. |
| Firmware is programs that have been encoded by the manufacturer of the IC or something and cannot be changed. | OS is a program that can be installed by the user and can be changed. |
| It is stored on non-volatile memory. | OS is stored on the hard drive. |
Difference between 32-Bit and 64-Bit Operating System
Below are the Key Differences between 32-Bit and 64-Bit Operating systems:
| Parameters | 32. Bit | 64. Bit |
|---|---|---|
| Architecture and Software | Allow 32 bits of data processing simultaneously | Allow 64 bits of data processing simultaneously |
| Compatibility | 32-bit applications require 32-bit OS and CPUs. | 64-bit applications require a 64-bit OS and CPU. |
| Systems Available | All versions of Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows XP, Linux, etc. | Windows XP Professional, Vista, 7, Mac OS X, and Linux. |
| Memory Limits | 32-bit systems are limited to 3.2 GB of RAM. | 64-bit systems allow a maximum of 17 Billion GB of RAM. |
Summary
- What is OS (Operating System definition) and its Types: An operating system is a software which acts as an interface between the end user and computer hardware. Different categories of Operating System in computer and other devices are: Batch Operating systems, Multitasking/Time-Sharing OS, Multiprocessing OS, Real Time OS, Distributed OS, Network OS & Mobile OS
- Personal Computer Operating Systems were first developed in the late 1950s to manage tape storage
- Explain Operating System working: OS works as an intermediate between the user and computer. It helps the user to communicate with the computer without knowing how to speak the computer’s language.
- The kernel is the central component of a computer operating system. The only job performed by the kernel is to the manage the communication between the software and the hardware
- The two most popular kernels are Monolithic and MicroKernels
- Process, Device, File, I/O, Secondary-Storage, Memory management are various functions of an Operating System